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                                <span class="chip bg-color">Redis 哨兵</span>
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                <h2 id="一、为什么需要哨兵机制"><a href="#一、为什么需要哨兵机制" class="headerlink" title="一、为什么需要哨兵机制"></a>一、为什么需要哨兵机制</h2><p>我们现在的 Redis 一般都是以主从库集群的方式部署的，在这个模式下，如果从库发生了故障，客户端可以继续向主库或其他从库发送请求，进行相关的操作，但是如果主库发生故障了，那就直接会影响到从库的同步，因为从库没有相应的主库可以进行数据复制操作了。  而且，如果客户端发送的都是读操作请求，那还可以由从库继续提供服务，这在纯读的业务场景下还能被接受。但是，一旦有写操作请求了，按照主从库模式下的读写分离要求，需要由主库来完成写操作。此时，也没有实例可以来服务客户端的写操作请求了，如下图所示：  </p>
<img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/kuangtf/PictureBed/img/image-20220327120354095.png" alt="image-20220327120354095" style="zoom:80%;" />

<p>无论是写服务中断，还是从库无法进行数据同步，都是不能接受的。所以，如果主库挂了，我们就需要运行一个新主库，比如说把一个从库切换为主库，把它当成主库。这就涉及到三个问题：</p>
<ol>
<li>主库真的挂了吗？</li>
<li>该选择哪个从库作为主库？</li>
<li>怎么把新主库相关信息通知给从库和客户端呢？</li>
</ol>
<p>这就要提到哨兵机制了。在 Redis 主从集群中，哨兵机制是实现主从库自动切换的关键机制，它有效地解决了主从复制模式下故障转移的这三个问题。</p>
<h2 id="二、哨兵的基本流程"><a href="#二、哨兵的基本流程" class="headerlink" title="二、哨兵的基本流程"></a>二、哨兵的基本流程</h2><p>哨兵其实就是一个运行在特殊模式下的 Redis 进程，主从库实例运行的同时，它也在运行。哨兵主要负责的就是三个任务：监控、选主（选择主库）和通知。  </p>
<p><strong>监控</strong></p>
<p>监控是指哨兵进程在运行时，周期性地给所有的主从库发送 PING 命令，检测它们是否仍然在线运行。如果从库没有在规定时间内响应哨兵的 PING 命令，哨兵就会把它标记为“下线状态”；同样，如果主库也没有在规定时间内响应哨兵的 PING 命令，哨兵就会判定主库下线，然后开始自动切换主库的流程。</p>
<p><strong>选主</strong></p>
<p>主库挂了以后，哨兵就需要从很多个从库里，按照一定的规则选择一个从库实例，把它作为新的主库。这一步完成后，现在的集群里就有了新主库。  </p>
<p><strong>通知</strong></p>
<p>在执行通知任务时，哨兵会把新主库的连接信息发给其他从库，让它们执行 replicaof 命令，和新主库建立连接，并进行数据复制。同时，哨兵会把新主库的连接信息通知给客户端，让它们把请求操作发到新主库上。</p>
<p>下面这张图就展示了哨兵的三个作用：</p>
<img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/kuangtf/PictureBed/img/image-20220327120401616.png" alt="image-20220327120401616" style="zoom:80%;" />

<p>在这三个任务中，通知任务相对来说比较简单，哨兵只需要把新主库信息发给从库和客户端，让它们和新主库建立连接就行，并不涉及决策的逻辑。但是，在监控和选主这两个任务中，哨兵需要做出两个决策：</p>
<ul>
<li>在监控任务中，哨兵需要判断主库是否处于下线状态</li>
<li>在选主任务中，哨兵也要决定选择哪个从库实例作为主库</li>
</ul>
<p>接下来我们说说如何判断主库的下线状态。</p>
<h2 id="三、主观下线和客观下线"><a href="#三、主观下线和客观下线" class="headerlink" title="三、主观下线和客观下线"></a>三、主观下线和客观下线</h2><p><strong>主观下线</strong></p>
<p>哨兵进程会使用 PING 命令检测它自己和主、从库的网络连接情况，用来判断实例的状态。如果哨兵发现主库或从库对 PING 命令的响应超时了，那么，哨兵就会先把它标记为“主观下线” 。</p>
<p>如果检测的是从库，那么，哨兵简单地把它标记为“主观下线”就行了，因为从库的下线影响一般不太大，集群的对外服务不会间断。但是，如果检测的是主库，那么，哨兵还不能简单地把它标记为“主观下线”，开启主从切换。因为很有可能存在这么一个情况：那就是哨兵误判了，其实主库并没有故障。可是，一旦启动了主从切换，后续的选主和通知操作都会带来额外的计算和通信开销。  </p>
<p><strong>误判</strong></p>
<p>为了避免这些不必要的开销，我们要特别注意误判的情况。  </p>
<p>首先，我们要知道啥叫误判。很简单，就是主库实际并没有下线，但是哨兵误以为它下线了。误判一般会发生在集群网络压力较大、网络拥塞，或者是主库本身压力较大的情况下。  </p>
<p>一旦哨兵判断主库下线了，就会开始选择新主库，并让从库和新主库进行数据同步，这个过程本身就会有开销，例如，哨兵要花时间选出新主库，从库也需要花时间和新主库同步。而在误判的情况下，主库本身根本就不需要进行切换的，所以这个过程的开销是没有价值的。正因为这样，我们需要判断是否有误判，以及减少误判。  </p>
<p>那怎么减少误判呢？</p>
<p>哨兵机制通常会采用多实例组成的集群模式进行部署，这也被称为哨兵集群。引入多个哨兵实例一起来判断，就可以避免单个哨兵因为自身网络状况不好，而误判主库下线的情况。同时，多个哨兵的网络同时不稳定的概率较小，由它们一起做决策，误判率也能降低。</p>
<p><strong>客观下线</strong></p>
<p>在判断主库是否下线时，不能由一个哨兵说了算，只有大多数的哨兵实例，都判断主库已经“主观下线”了，主库才会被标记为“客观下线”，这个叫法也是表明主库下线成为一个客观事实了。这个判断原则就是：少数服从多数。同时，这会进一步触发哨兵开始主从切换流程。  判断图如下：</p>
<img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/kuangtf/PictureBed/img/image-20220327120406967.png" alt="image-20220327120406967" style="zoom:80%;" />

<p>简单来说，“客观下线”的标准就是，当有 N 个哨兵实例时，最好要有 N/2 + 1 个实例判断主库为“主观下线”，才能最终判定主库为“客观下线”。这样一来，就可以减少误判的概率，也能避免误判带来的无谓的主从库切换。  </p>
<blockquote>
<p>当然，Redis 可以设置多少个实例作出“主观下线”从而判定为“客观下线”。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>借助于多个哨兵实例的共同判断机制，我们就可以更准确地判断出主库是否处于下线状态。如果主库的确下线了，哨兵就要开始下一个决策过程了，即从许多从库中，选出一个从库来做新主库。  </p>
<h2 id="四、如何选定新主库"><a href="#四、如何选定新主库" class="headerlink" title="四、如何选定新主库"></a>四、如何选定新主库</h2><p>一般来说，我把哨兵选择新主库的过程称为“筛选 + 打分”。简单来说，我们在多个从库中，先按照一定的筛选条件，把不符合条件的从库去掉。然后，我们再按照一定的规则，给剩下的从库逐个打分，将得分最高的从库选为新主库，如下图所示：  </p>
<img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/kuangtf/PictureBed/img/image-20220327120413249.png" alt="image-20220327120413249" style="zoom:80%;" />

<p><strong>筛选条件</strong></p>
<p>一般情况下，我们肯定要先保证所选的从库仍然在线运行。不过，在选主时从库正常在线，这只能表示从库的现状良好，并不代表它就是最适合做主库的。  </p>
<p>设想一下，如果在选主时，一个从库正常运行，我们把它选为新主库开始使用了。可是，很快它的网络出了故障，此时，我们就得重新选主了。这显然不是我们期望的结果。  </p>
<p>所以，在选主时，除了要检查从库的当前在线状态，还要判断它之前的网络连接状态。如果从库总是和主库断连，而且断连次数超出了一定的阈值，我们就有理由相信，这个从库的网络状况并不是太好，就可以把这个从库筛掉了。  </p>
<p>具体怎么判断呢？  </p>
<p>使用配置项 down-after-milliseconds * 10。其中，down-aftermilliseconds 是我们认定主从库断连的最大连接超时时间。如果在 down-aftermilliseconds 毫秒内，主从节点都没有通过网络联系上，我们就可以认为主从节点断连了。如果发生断连的次数超过了 10 次，就说明这个从库的网络状况不好，不适合作为新主库，通过这样的方式筛选出适合作为新主库的从库。</p>
<p><strong>打分</strong></p>
<p>给筛选出来的从库打分，可以按照<strong>从库优先级</strong>、<strong>从库复制进度</strong>以及<strong>从库 ID 号</strong>三个规则进行打分，只要在某一轮中，有从库得分最高，那么它就是主库了，选主过程到此结束。如果没有出现得分最高的从库，那么就继续进行下一轮。</p>
<p>第一轮：优先级最高的从库得分高。<br>用户可以通过 slave-priority 配置项，给不同的从库设置不同优先级。比如，你有两个从库，它们的内存大小不一样，你可以手动给内存大的实例设置一个高优先级。在选主时，哨兵会给优先级高的从库打高分，如果有一个从库优先级最高，那么它就是新主库了。如果从库的优先级都一样，那么哨兵开始第二轮打分。</p>
<p>第二轮：和旧主库同步程度最接近的从库得分高  </p>
<p>这个规则的依据是，如果选择和旧主库同步最接近的那个从库作为主库，那么，这个新主库上就有最新的数据。</p>
<p>在<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://kuangtf.gitee.io/2021/10/30/redis/yi-wen-xiang-jie-zhu-cong-ku-ru-he-shi-xian-shu-ju-yi-zhi/">如何实现主从库一致</a>中我们讲过，主从库同步时有个命令传播的过程。在这个过程中，主库会用master_repl_offset 记录当前的最新写操作在 repl_backlog_buffer 中的位置，而从库会用 slave_repl_offset 这个值记录当前的复制进度。此时，我们想要找的从库，它的 slave_repl_offset 需要最接近 master_repl_offset。如果在所有从库中，有从库的 slave_repl_offset 最接近 master_repl_offset，那么它的得分就最高，可以作为新主库。  </p>
<p>就像下图所示，旧主库的 master_repl_offset 是 1000，从库 1、2 和 3 的slave_repl_offset 分别是 950、990 和 900，那么，从库 2 就应该被选为新主库。  </p>
<img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/kuangtf/PictureBed/img/image-20220327120421228.png" alt="image-20220327120421228" style="zoom:80%;" />

<p>当然，如果有两个从库的 slave_repl_offset 值大小是一样的（例如，从库 1 和从库 2 的slave_repl_offset 值都是 990），我们就需要给它们进行第三轮打分了。  </p>
<p>第三轮：ID 号小的从库得分高  </p>
<p>每个实例都会有一个 ID，这个 ID 就类似于这里的从库的编号。目前，Redis 在选主库时，有一个默认的规定：在优先级和复制进度都相同的情况下，ID 号最小的从库得分最高，会被选为新主库。到这里，新主库就被选出来了，“选主”这个过程就完成了。</p>
<h2 id="五、总结"><a href="#五、总结" class="headerlink" title="五、总结"></a>五、总结</h2><p>哨兵机制，它是实现 Redis 不间断服务的重要保证。具体来说，主从集群的数据同步，是数据可靠的基础保证；而在主库发生故障时，自动的主从切换是服务不间断的关键支撑。</p>
<p>Redis 的哨兵机制自动完成了以下三大功能，从而实现了主从库的自动切换，可以降低 Redis 集群的运维开销：</p>
<ul>
<li>监控主库运行状态，并判断主库是否客观下线</li>
<li>在主库客观下线后，选取新主库</li>
<li>选出新主库后，通知从库和客户端。  </li>
</ul>
<p>为了降低误判率，在实际应用时，哨兵机制通常采用多实例的方式进行部署，多个哨兵实例通过“少数服从多数”的原则，来判断主库是否客观下线。一般来说，我们可以部署三个哨兵，如果有两个哨兵认定主库“主观下线”，就可以开始切换过程。当然，如果你希望进一步提升判断准确率，也可以再适当增加哨兵个数，比如说使用五个哨兵。</p>
<p>但是，使用多个哨兵实例来降低误判率，其实相当于组成了一个哨兵集群，我们会因此面临着一些新的挑战，例如：  </p>
<ul>
<li>哨兵集群中有实例挂了，怎么办，会影响主库状态判断和选主吗？  </li>
<li>哨兵集群多数实例达成共识，判断出主库“客观下线”后，由哪个实例来执行主从切换呢？  </li>
</ul>
<p>那么这个就要等到哨兵集群的讲解来揭秘了，好啦，我们下次再见。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>巨人的肩膀：</p>
<p>极客时间Redis核心技术与实战</p>
</blockquote>

                
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